[Expert Solution]: Instructions: Carefully read the case

Instructions: Carefully read the case. List the physiologic and/or psychosocial changes that this old client has undergone, and then provide a scientific justification or theories for each change. Please adhere to the structure below: PHYSIOLOGIC/PSYCHOSOCIAL SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE / CHANGES THEORIES I. Blological Theories of Aging – explain information regarding the physiologic processes that change with aging A. Stochastic or statistical perspective – identifies episodic events that happen throughout one’s life that cause random cell damage and accumulate over time, thus causing aging Free Radical Theory Orgel/Error Theory Wear and Tear Theory Connective Tissue Theory B. Non-stochastic theories -view aging as a series of predetermined events happening to all organisms in a timed framework Programmed Theory Gene/Biological Clock Theory Neuroendocrine Theory Immunologic/Autoimmune Theory II. Psychosocial Theories of Aging – attempt to explain aging in terms of behavior, personality, and attitude change A. Activity Theory Disengagement Theory Subculture Theory Continuity Theory Age Stratification Theory Person-Environment-Fit Theory Gero-transcendence Theory III. Psychological Theories of Aging – Explain aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation and personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions Human Needs Theory Theory of Individualism Stages of Personality Development Theory Life-Course (Lifespan Development) Paradigm Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory Nose She has symmetrical and straight nares, without discharge, flaring and uniform in color. Air moves freelythrough the nares as the client breathe. Nasal mucosa is pink and clear without any lesions. Nasal septum is intact and in midline. Nasal sinuses are non-tender. The client had difficulty in recognizing the smell of coffee. Mouth and Oropharynx Outer lips have uniform pink color, soft, dry, smooth in texture and able to purse lips. Inner lips and buccalmucosa is pink, moist, smooth, soft, glistening and elastic. She had 32 smooth and intact dentures, moist and firm.Absence of papillae is noted. Salivary glands are intact, pinkish in color w/o any lesions. Light pink hard and soft palate and are positioned in the midline w/o smooth posterior wall. Tonsils and uvula is not inflame0. Gag reflex is present. Neck Neck muscles are equal in size; head is at the center. Head movement is coordinated, smooth w/o discomfort. There is equal muscle strength and non-palpable lymph nodes. The trachea is in the midline. Thyroid gland is not palpable but ascends during swallowing. Breast and Axilla With brown, flat, symmetrical w/ fine glandular texture. There are no masses palpated. Nipples are pinkish color, dry and symmetrical. The axilla is brown in color, dry, w/o hair. Chest and Lungs The anteroposterior to transverse diameter is 2:1 ratio. She has a symmetrical chest expansion and a kyphotic spine. Skin is intact, with uniform color and temperature. No tenderness and masses upon palpation. She has bilateral symmetry of vocal and tactile fremitus. Resonance is heard over the thorax. Diapragmatic excursion is 3cm. Costal angle is 80, and the ribs is 45. Upon auscultation, bronchial (trachea) sounds, bronchovesicular(main bronchi) sound and vesicular sounds (terminal bronchi) were heard. Heart There are no masses and lesions in the skin. There is palpable pulsation at the left ICS (5th) MCL; in an area of 1-2 cm in diameter. The carotid pulse is bounding regularly synchronous with S1. The apical and radial pulse has equal rate and rhythm. Systolic murmur was heard during auscultation. Abdomen: The color is uniform and the skin is unblemished. There are symmetric movements caused by respiration.Aortic pulsations were also noted at the epigastric’ area. Bowel sounds is 3/min without arterial bruits and friction rub. Tympanic sounds were heard during auscultation. No tenderness, relaxed abdomen with smooth, consistent tension. The liver, bladder and spleen are not palpable. Upper and Lower Extremities Muscles are firm, smooth with coordinated movements and equal strength on both sides of the body. Theclient’s fingers have swollen joints. Stiffness on the joints on the client’s hands were noted. Patient claimed that the bones and joints on her hands, legs and feet are painful. Crepitations on the joints were also present.