[Solved]: Ms. K.Z., a 22-year-old university coed, was rushed to

Ms. K.Z., a 22-year-old university coed, was rushed to the emergency room 35 minutes after sustaining multiple stab wounds to the chest and abdomen by an unidentified assailant. A witness had telephoned 911. Paramedics arriving at the scene found the victim in severe acute distress. Vital signs were obtained: HR 128 (baseline 80), BP 80/55 (baseline 115/80), RR 37 and labored. Chest auscultation revealed decreased breath sounds in the right lung consistent with basilar atelectasis (i.e., collapsed lung). Pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation. Her level of consciousness was reported as “awake, slightly confused, and com- plaining of severe chest and abdominal pain.” Pedal pulses were absent, radial pulses were weak, and carotid pulses were palpable. The patient was immediately started on intravenous lactated Ringer’s solution at a rate of