[Answered]: Case study 1: Investigating the association…

Case study 1: Investigating the association between smoking and increased cases of lung cancer among City of Johannesburg residents, Gauteng Province. Lung cancer is one of the major public health concerns and a leading cause of death cancer incidents globally. It is estimated at 2 million incidents and 1.8 million deaths annually (Thandra et al, 2021). Lung cancer is a very complex disease that is caused by interactions with environmental factors and host susceptibility. One of the leading causes of lung cancer is tobacco exposure (Wang et al, 2021). In South Africa, lung cancer mortality is estimated at 17% (Mbeje et al, 2022). The Gauteng Department of Health has noted with concern an increase in cases of lung cancer in the past two years among the City of Johannesburg residents, Gauteng Province. The Department of Health Officials suspects that an increase in smoking cigarettes among the COJ residents might be the contributing factor. The Gauteng Department of Health wants to conduct a study to determine the association between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer. The Gauteng Department of Health has hired you as a public health specialist to investigate the possible association of smoking cigarettes and lung cancer among the COJ residents. Q.2.1 List three study designs you would use to determine the association for this study design. (3) Q.2.2 Discuss three strengths and limitations of ONE of the study designs. (6) Q.2.3 List and discuss any biases and confounding of this study.